In this article, to investigate the severity of damage to the helicopter pilot under the crash impact, the numerical simulation of the actual helicopter cockpit seat has been done. To limit the complexity of the problem, a fully vertical impact was considered as a reference scenario for the assembly consisting of a collapsible helicopter seat, an energy absorption section, and a humanoid dummy. For this purpose, the three-dimensional model of the chair in the laboratory was studied in two states with and without the addition of the energy absorption mechanism. A honeycomb structure was used in the seat cushion section. The results of the research showed that the use of UPVC damper to test the crash impact with a certain mass based on biomechanical criteria, an average 80 % decrease in serious injuries to the skull and spine has been achieved. Also, based on the results obtained in this research, although the aluminum honeycomb structure meets the criterion of damage to the head and is within the permissible range, it has rejected the criteria of damage to the spine and permissible acceleration range. However, compared to the case without honeycomb, it has performed much better and has been able to absorb the energy of the crash impact.

In thermal cracking plants, it is desired to apply an optimal temperature profile along the reactor to minimize the operation cost. In this article a simulator is developed by the use of a mathematical model, which describes the static operation of a naphtha thermal cracking pilot plant. The model is used to predict the steady state profiles of the gas temperature and product yields. Using a dynamic programming technique, an optimal temperature profile along the reactor is obtained. The effects of operating variables such as steam to hydrocarbon ratio (S/HC), coil outlet temperature (COT) and feed flow rate on product yield are investigated. Pilot plant simulation results are compared with the industrial data and the results indicate that they follow the same trend.

Energy obtained from renewable sources has increased its participation in the energy matrix worldwide, and it is expected to maintain this tendency. Both in large and small scales, there have been numerous developments and research with the aim of generating fuels and energy using different raw materials such as alternative crops, algae and waste cooking oil.Capparis spinosa seed (containing 32% triglycerides) is used as an excellent source for biodiesel production. In this work, biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl ester) is produced by trans-esterification of Capparis spinosa oil, in the presence of methanol and sodium hydroxide as an alkaline catalyst. According to data collection, pilot of biodiesel production is simulated by using HYSYS v3.2 software. The yield of biodiesel in the presence of sodium hydroxide was considered 94%. The results of FTIR and GC-MS spectra showed transesterification reaction has been complete. According to the results, the produced biodiesel is in the range of ASTM Standard.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal problems are the common complaints of patients refer to internal medicine clinics and the pain is the most important of them. There are different physiotherapy methods for reduction of pain and action potential simulation therapy (APS therapy) is one of newest methods. The aim of this study was to determine reduction of pain with APS therapy. Materials & Methods: In 47 patients with different musculoskeletal pain APS therapy performed in 6 days each for 16 minutes and with current of 0.7-1.2 mA. Pain (VAS), Global functional status (ACR) and relief of pain (VAS) before and after study compared.Results: APS therapy reduced pain (p<0.001) and increased Global functional status (p<0.001) and increased relief of pain (p<0.005) but there was not any correlation between this reduction of pain with APS therapy and educational status and past history of physiotherapy and duration of illness in these patients.Conclusion: APS therapy is a useful physiotherapy modality for reduction of pain in musculoskeletal problems.

The paper presents the large eddy simulation conditional moment closure (CMC) simulation of pilot stabilized methanol flame to study the effects of conditional scalar dissipation rate (CSDR). Two models are used in this research to evaluate CSDR: conditional volume averaging (CVA) and amplitude mapping closure (AMC). For the turbulence modelling, the dynamic Smagorinsky approach is adopted to allow for local adjustment of the Smagorinsky constant. CMC is used for turbulent combustion modeling. CVA is adopted for the calculation of conditional velocity. The temperature, mixture fraction, and major species mass fraction are compared against experimental data along radial direction for both cases. The comparison showed reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements for the temperature. It is also observed that the AMC model is superior in predictions compared to the CVA method. Additionally, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are predicted with remarkable accuracy. Moreover, the conditional temperature is also in good agreement with experimental data that shows CMC model capabilities in turbulent combustion modeling.